Article

Seals on heels. The sealing practice of female economic actors in Old Babylonian Sippar

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Abstract

The study examines the sealing practices of women in Old Babylonian Sippar, focusing on their roles as sellers and witnesses in sale contracts. Women began to use seals more frequently from the second millennium BCE, reflecting their growing socio-economic involvement. By analyzing 58 seals, the study addresses three key points: the sealing practices of women compared to men, the types of seals women used, and whether these seals reflect their identities. Whereas women's seals often reflect their social and professional identities, they do not reflect their gender identity. Their sealing practices and choice of seals show no significant differences from those of men. Women sealed documents consistently, in the same locations, and used similar types of seals. When co-sellers were involved, the sealing order reflected hierarchical status rather than gender. Just like men, some women used seals of relatives, a practice symbolizing familial and professional continuity rather than diminished agency. This study provides a foundation for further systematic research into the sealing practices of women, highlighting their integral role in Old Babylonian economic and legal systems while emphasizing their professional and social identities.

How to Cite:

De Graef, K. & Virgils, C., (2024) “Seals on heels. The sealing practice of female economic actors in Old Babylonian Sippar”, Akkadica 145(2), 117–169. doi: https://doi.org/10.21825/akkadica.96854