Article

The Old Elamite Treaty: A complex diplomatic arrangement

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Abstract

The Old Elamite Treaty, a diplomatic document, found in Susa, dating to approximately 2250 bce, represents a significant example of ancient Near Eastern political and legal traditions. Written in Elamite but using Old Akkadian script, the treaty details an alliance between Narām-Sîn of Akkad and an unnamed Elamite ruler, often believed to be Hita, the 11th king of Awan. The treaty is notable for its invocation of over thirty-five deities, and its core stipulation of mutual loyalty: “The enemy of Narām-Sîn is my enemy; the friend of Narām-Sîn is my friend.” Despite this, the document's exact legal nature is contested. Some scholars interpret it as a vassal treaty, citing the unilateral obligations of the Elamite ruler. Others argue for a parity treaty, pointing to the exchange of gifts, a possible dynastic marriage, and the absence of the Akkadian version that may have recorded Narām-Sîn’s commitments. This study explores these differing interpretations, analyzing the legal structure and cultural significance of the treaty in the broader context of ancient Near Eastern diplomacy. The findings suggest that while the treaty may reflect elements of both vassalage and parity, the balance of evidence leans toward the latter, although further discoveries are needed to clarify its precise nature.

How to Cite:

Badamchi, H., (2025) “The Old Elamite Treaty: A complex diplomatic arrangement”, Akkadica 146(1), 27-50. doi: https://doi.org/10.21825/akkadica.100526